24

Chapter 24: Organic Compounds

Section One Vocabulary: organic compound: LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINING THE ELEMENT CARBON hydrocarbon: saturated or unsaturated compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms saturated hydrocarbon: compound such as propane or methane that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms isomer: compounds with identical chemical formulas but different molecular structures and shapes unsaturated hydrocarbon: compound such as ethene or ethyne that contains at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms

Self Check 1. At one time, scientists thought that only living organisms could make organic compounds and that is how they got their name. 2. Ethane is C2H6. Ethene contains one-double bond where two carbons share one electron and it is used to ripen fruit. Ethyne is called acetylene and is used in welding. 3. A saturated hydrocarbon is a compound such as propane or methane that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms. 4. As the addition of carbon atoms increases, the boiling point increases. 5. H H H H -C C C - H H H H

Caption ? 1.6

Reading Check: 1. straight, branched, or cyclic chains. 2.saturated hydrocarbon: compound such as propane or methane that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms 3. ethene: ethylene

Section Two Vocabulary: aromatic compound: compound that contains the benzene ring structure and may have a pleasant or unpleasant odor or flavor substituted hydrocarbon: hydrocarbon with one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms or groups of other elements alcohol: compound such as ethanol that is formed when -OH groups replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon

Self Check: 1. To represent a benzene molecule one can use a space filling object, a structural formula, or a benzene symbol. 2. A substituted hydrocarbon is a substance that has 1 or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms or groups of other elements. 3. The benzene ring is so stable because the 6 carbon atoms are bound in a rigid, flat structure. 4. Chemists may want to make substituted hydrocarbons because it may make a process easier such as dry cleaning. Oxygen and chlorine are two possible substitutes. 5. The chlorine substitutes for the carbon.

Caption ? 1. structural formula

Reading Check: 1. benzene 2. atoms are bound on flat surface 3. -OH replaces one or more hydrogen atoms

Section Three Vocabulary: polymer: class of natural or synthetic substances made up of smaller, simpler molecules, called monomers, arranged in larger chains monomer: small molecule that forms a link in a polymer chain and can be made to combine with itself repeatedly polyethylene: polymer formed from a chain containing many ethylene units; often used in plastic bags and bottles depolymerization: process using heat or chemicals to break a polymer chain into its monomers

Self Check 1. To separate petroleum fractions boiling points are used. 2. Fossil fuels are fuels that are formed from the remains of fossilized materials. 3. The physical properties may vary because when polymers combine repeatedly with itself it forms polyethylene, a new substance. 4. Butane, propane, kerosene, jet fuel, and paving asphalt are all obtained from petroleum fractional distillation. 5. De polymerization can be expensive because research is expensive. 6. terpolymers and uretpolymers

Caption / 1. mass, physical properties

Reading Check: both are linked clothing

Section Four Vocabulary: protein:large, complex, biological polymers formed from amino acid units; make up many body tissues such as muscles, tendons, hair, and fingernails nucleic acid: essential organic polymers that control the activities and reproduction of cells deoxyribonucleic acid DNA: a type of essential biological compound found in the nuclei of cells hat codes and stores genetic information and controls the reproduction of RNA lipid:group of biological compounds that contains the same elements as carbohydrates but in different arrangements and combinations, and includes saturated and unsaturated fats and oils

Self Check: 1. Proteins: amino acids Nucleic Acids: nucleotides Starched: glucose 2. Protein comes from meats, dairy products, and some vegetables. 3. Deoxyribonucleic acid is DNA. 4. Saturated has only one single bond between an atom and an unsaturated has one or more double bonds. 5. 2% has less fat than whole milk.

Caption ? they contain the right chemicals

Reading Check 1. 50 or more